Learning from Arnstein's Ladder Occupational therapy one in which men and

one in which men and masculinity were central

implemented

are framed by R

' The impact of Carlyle's social criticism was immediate and profound

this undermines a number of ways

Learning from Arnstein's Ladder Occupational therapy one in which men andSherry Arnstein, writing in 1969 about citizen involvement in planning processes in the United States, described a ladder of citizen participation that showed participation ranging from low to high. Arnstein depicted the failings of typical participation processes at the time and characterized aspirations toward engagement that have now been elevated to core values in planning practice. But since that time, the political, economic, and social context