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Importantly, control cells, including BEAS-2B and human lung organoids, were passaged in parallel under the same culture conditions and duration as the WCSE-exposed cells, which allowed us to compare adaptive changes arising specifically from chronic smoke exposure rather than from prolonged culture alone

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Second, the growth of several pathogens, including the urogenital pathogen, Neisseria gonorrhoeae , and their resistance to host immunological defenses has been shown to be superior in the presence of various BAs 53,54,55,69

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Using New Zealand as a case example, in the early 1980s the excess lung cancer and COPD mortality in smokers (SRDs) was notably greater in men than women, but by the late 2000s SRDs in women had increased to be similar to men

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